Stainless, Nickel Alloys, Forgings & Tungsten Alloys

**DEFINITIONS OF METAL TERMS**

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SCALPING	THE SURFACE MATCHING OF SURFACE LAYERS OF INGOTS, BILLETS AND SLABS BEFORE MACHINING.
SCARFING	CUTTING OR GRINDING OUT DEFECTS FROM INGOTS, BILLETS, OR THE EDGES OF PLATES THAT ARE TO BE BEVELED FOR BUTT WELDING.
SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS TEST	A HARDNESS TEST IN WHICH A DIAMOND POINTED HAMMER IS DROPPED ONTO METAL AND THE HEIGHT OF THE BOUNCE IS MEASURED.
SCREW STOCK	FREE MACHINING BAR, ROD OR WIRE.
SKELP	A PIECE OR STRIP OF METAL PRODUCED TO A SUITABLE THICKNESS, WIDTH AND EDGE FROM WHICH PIPE OR TUBING IS MADE.
SEAM - DEFECT	A CRACK ON THE SURFACE OF METAL THAT HAS BEEN CLOSED, BUT NOT WELDED. IT IS CAUSED IN CASTING OR WORKING.
SECONDS	A DESIGNATION GIVEN TO MATERIAL THAT HAS SURFACE DEFECTS. MATERIAL OF LESS THAN PRIME QUALITY.
SECONDARY HARDENING	TEMPERING CERTAIN ALLOY STEELS AT CERTAIN TEMPERATURES SO THAT THE RESULTING HARDNESS IS GREATER THAT THAT OBTAINED BY TEMPERING THE SAME STEEL AT SOME LOWER TEMPERATURE FOR THE SAME TIME.
SEGREGATION	NON-UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS, IMPURITIES OR MICROPHASES.
SHEAR	A MACHINE FOR CUTTING STEEL.
SHEAR STRENGTH	THE STRESS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE FRACTURE IN THE PLANE OF A PIECE OF METAL.
SHEAR CRACK	A CRACK OR FRACTURE CAUSED BY SHEAR STRESS.
SHIM	A THIN (HARD) FLAT METAL USED FOR TOOL, DIE AND MACHINE ALIGNMENT PURPOSES.
SHORE HARDNESS TEST	SEE SCLEROSCOPE HARDNESS TEST
SHORT	BRITTLE
SHORTNESS	A FORM OF BRITTLENESS IN METAL. IT IS DESIGNATED AS AS "COLD," "HOT," "AND "RED" TO INDICATED THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IN WHICH THE BRITTLENESS OCCURS.
SILKY FRACTURE	A VERY SMOOTH FINE GRAIN SILKY APPEARING FRACTURE.
SILVER SOLDERS	ALLOYS OF SILVER, COPPER, ZINC AND OTHER METALS USED FOR MAKING STRONG YET MODERATELY DUCTILE JOINTS THAT RESIST CORROSION.
SINTERING	CONVERTING METAL POWDER INTO A MASS BY HEATING AFTER COMPRESSING.
SKIN	A THIN SURFACE LAYER THAT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE MAIN MASS OF METAL IN COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE OR OTHER CHARACTERISTICS .
SLAB	SEE BLOOM
SLIT EDGE	THE EDGE RESULTING FROM A SLITTING OPERATION.
SLIVER- DEFECT	LOOSE METAL PIECE ROLLED INTO THE SURFACE OF THE METAL DURING THE ROLLING OPERATION.
SLUG	A METAL BLANK FOR FORGING OR IMPACTING.
SOAKING	PROLONGED HEATING OF METAL AT SELECTED TEMPERATURE.
SOLID SOLUTION	A SINGLE SOLID HOMOGENEOUS CRYSTALINE PHASE CONTAINING TWO OR MORE CHEMICAL SPECIES.
SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT	HEATING AN ALLOY TO A SUITABLE TEMPERATURE, HOLDING AT THAT TEMPERATURE LONG ENOUGH TO ALLOW ONE OR MORE CONSTITUENTS TO ENTER INTO SOLID HEATING SOLUTION.
SORBITE	STRUCTURE OF STEEL, RESULTING FROM THE TEMPERING OF MARTENSITE.
SPALLING	THE CRACKING AND FLAKING OF PARTICLES OF A SURFACE.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY	A NUMERICAL VALUE REPRESENTING THE WEIGHT OF A GIVEN SUBSTANCE AS COMPARED WITH THE WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF WATER.
SPHERODIZING	HEATING AND COOLING TO PRODUCE A SPHERICAL OR GLOBULAR FORM OF CARBON IN STEEL.
STABILIZING TREATMENT	A THERMAL PROCESS INTENDED TO STABILIZE THE STRUCTURE OF AN ALLOY OR DIMENSIONS OF A PART.
STAINLESS STEEL	CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL IN A WIDE VARIETY OF TYPES, BUT ALWAYS CONTAINING A LARGE AMOUNT OF CHROMIUM.
STAMPING	A TERM USED TO REFER TO VARIOUS PRESS FORMING OPERATIONS IN COINING, EMBOSSING, BLANKING AND PRESSING.
STICKER	THE ADHERING OF STEEL SHEET OR STRIP. USUALLY CAUSED BY OVERHEATING DURING BOX ANNEALING.
STRAIN	DEFORMATION PRODUCED ON A BODY BY AN OUTSIDE FORCE.
STRAIN AGING	AGING INDUCED BY COLD WORKING. SEE AGING.
STRAIN HARDENING	AN INCREASE IN HARDNESS AND STRENGTH CAUSED BY PLASTIC DEFORMATION AT LOWER THAN THE RECRYSTALLIZATION RANGE.
STRESS RELIEVING	HEATING TO A SUITABLE TEMPERATURE, HOLDING LONG ENOUGH TO REDUCE RESIDUAL STRESSES AND THEN COOLING SLOWLY ENOUGH TO MINIMIZE DEVELOPING NEW RESIDUAL STRESSES.
STRETCH FORMING	FORMING PANELS AND COWLS OF LARGE CURVATURE BY STRETCHING SHEET OVER A FORM OF DESIRED SHAPE. THIS IS MORE RAPID THAN HAMMERING AND BEATING.